Berlin was the capital of the "Third Reich," which shaped Europe’s dark 20th century after 1933. The infamous Gestapo and SS, run by Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich, Adolf Hitler’s New Reich Chancellery, Joseph Goebbels’ Propaganda Ministry, and Hermann Göring’s Aviation Ministry (home of the Luftwaffe) were all established here. Although many Nazi-era buildings were damaged or destroyed in the war, enough remains to trace the most shameful chapter of Berlin’s history and to see how Germany confronts its past through a series of thoughtful memorials.